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245			_aWorld development report 2004 : The shift towards services
260			_aNew York _bUnited Nations Publications _c2005
300			_a436p _cxvii
365			_b Rs.995
505			_aTABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv ABBREVIATIONS xv OVERVIEW . xvii PART ONE: FDI SET TO RECOVERY; CHAPTER I. GLOBAL FDI GROWTH SET TO RESUME .3; A. FDI inflows down again - but recover y is on its way 3; 1. An uneven picture...3; 2. International production continues to grow 8; 3. Many countries have not realized their potential 12; a. Indices of Inward FDI Performance and Potential 12; b. The Outward FDI Performance Index . 16; B. Outward FDI from developing countries is becoming important 19; C. Changing sectoral distribution 29; D. Prospects: growth set to resume 31; Annex to chapter I. How transnational are TNCs? 37; CHAPTER II. REGIONAL FDI TRENDS: A MIXED PICTURE 39; A. Developing countries 39; 1. Africa: a turnaround...39 ; a. Inflows regain momentum .. 40; b. Policies increasingly liberal 42; c. Natural resources and services dominate .. 45; d. Prospects are positive 46; 2. Asia and the Pacific: a rebound 49; a. A mild upturn 49; b. Policies improved further 52; c. Services FDI on the rise .52; d. Promising prospects 56; 3. Latin America and the Caribbean: another disappointing year 58; a. A continuous decline .. 58; b. Policy developments: continued liberalization ...64; c. Sectoral patterns 64; d. Better prospects ahead .67; B. Central and Eastern Europe: awaiting the boom 69; 1. Inward FDI sharply down, outward FDI sharply up 70; a. Inward FDI: new EU members performed less well than other CEE countries . 70; b. FDI outflows: robust increase . 72; 2. Implications of EU membership for national policy 75; 3. A shift towards services brings about structural change 78; 4. Prospects: again sunny . 79; C. Developed countries: the decline continues, but prospects are good 80; 1. Uneven trends ..80; 2. Policy responses85; 3. Services dominate .88; 4. Prospects: FDI will pick up again, but not everywhere . 89; PART TWO: THE SHIFT TOWARDS SERVICES; INTRODUCTION 95; CHAPTER III. THE GROWTH OF FDI IN SERVICES AND ITS IMPLICATIONS..97; A. Changing patterns of FDI in services 97; 1. The growth of services FDI and its changing mix ...97; 2. Changing distribution among home and host countries . 99; a. Outward FDI .99; b. Inward FDI ..101; 3. Transnationalization is lower in the services sector and differs by industry and country 101; 4. Non-equity forms of investment are common in services.. 104; B. Players and driving forces 105; 1. Goods TNCs invest in services 107; 2. Service TNCs are expanding rapidly 107; a. The players .107; b. M&As take the lead in entry patterns .111; c. Catching up with manufacturing TNCs? . 114; 3. Drivers and determinants . 115; 4. Most services FDI is still market-seeking – but this is changing 118; C. Impact on host countries 123; 1. Financial resources and balance of payments 126; 2. Services provision, competition and crowding out 128; 3. Technology, knowledge and skills 132; 4. Export competitiveness 135; 5. Employment ...137; 6. An assessment 137; Annex to chapter III. What are services? Classifying invisibles .145; CHAPTER IV. THE OFFSHORING OF CORPORATE SERVICE FUNCTIONS: THE NEXT GLOBAL SHIFT?..147; A. The tradability revolution 1481. The tradability of services.148; 2. Limitations to offshoring . 149; 3. Is the globalization of IT-enabled services different from that of manufacturing?..152; B. Future prospects for the offshoring of services 153; C. Outsourcing vs. captive business models . 156; 1. What determines how offshoring is undertaken? 156; 2. A new breed of TNCs provides services globally...157; D. Search for competitiveness drives corporate offshoring 159; 1. FDI related to the offshoring of services is still concentrated .. 159; 2. Cost reduction and improved quality are key drivers 164; 3. European TNCs offshore less than their United States rivals 168; E. Impact on host countries 169; 1. India ...169; 2. Other Asian locations . 174 3. Latin America and the Caribbean . 174; 4. Africa ...174; 5. Central and Eastern Europe..175; F. Implications for home countries ..176; PART THREE: NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL POLICY CHALLENGES; INTRODUCTION183; CHAPTER V. NATIONAL POLICIES 185; A. Host-country policies on services are key to development gains1851. Countries are opening up to FDI in services 185; 2. Benefits from FDI in infrastructure-related services: the case of privatization .. 187; 3. Promotion of FDI in services .. 194; a. Investment promotion agencies increasingly target services 194; b. The role of incentives 196; c. EPZs in developing countries see potential in services .201; d. Infrastructure and skills development .203; e. Regulatory issues related to data protection and intellectual property . 207; 4. Benefiting more from services FDI: upgrading and linkages 207; B. Home countries: the challenge of adapting .208; 1. The reaction to offshoring in the United States . 209; 2. The European response 210; a. The United Kingdom 210; b. Other European responses 211; 3. Reactions in other developed countries 212; 4. Meeting the challenge of adapting ...212; C. Conclusions .212; CHAPTER VI. NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL POLICIES: A COMPLEX AND DYNAMIC INTERACTION 221; A. The growing multifaceted network of services IIAs 221; 1. The evolving nature of approaches covering FDI in services 221; 2. Salient features 225; B. Complexities and challenges ...231; C. National and international policies: a complex and dynamic interaction...233; D. Conclusion: striking a development-oriented balance 235; REFERENCES ..243; SELECTED UNCTAD PUBLICATIONS ON TNCs AND FDI .. 423; QUESTIONNAIRE 437.
700			_a _a
856			_uhttps://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/wir2004_en.pdf
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