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008			081021s2009 ne a b 011 0 eng
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020			_a9789004172678 (hardback : alk. paper)
020			_a900417267X (hardback : alk. paper)
035			_a(OCoLC)ocn264027030
040			_aDLC _cDLC _dUKM _dYDXCP _dC#P _dBWX _dCDX _dOHX _dDLC
050	0	0	_aKZA1145 _b.F88 2009
082	0	0	_a344.04/6343 _222
245	0	4	_aThe future of ocean regime-building : _bessays in tribute to Douglas M. Johnston / _cedited by Aldo Chircop, Ted L. McDorman, Susan J. Rolston.
260			_aLeiden ; _aBoston : _bMartinus Nijhoff Publishers, _c2009.
300			_axiv, 786 p. : _bill. ; _c25 cm.
504			_aIncludes bibliographical references and index.
504			_a"Publications of Douglas M. Johnston": p. [739]-765.
505	0		_aTable of Contents: Acknowledgements xiii Abbreviations xv Table of Cases xix Table of Treaties and Other Documents xxv International Treaties xxv Other International Documents xxx List of UN Resolutions xli Security Council Resolutions xli General Assembly Resolutions xlvi Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Peacekeeping in Perspective 5 1 Conflict Prevention and Peacekeeping 5 2 Concept of Conflict Prevention 6 A The Development of UN Policies on Conflict Prevention 6 B Obstacles to Conflict Prevention 12 3 Doctrinal Paradigm of Peacekeeping 17 A Consent 17 B Neutrality 23 C Restrictions on the Use of Force 25 4 Legal Basis of Peacekeeping within the UN Charter 27 Chapter 2 Origins of Peacekeeping 37 1 Embryonic Rise of Peacekeeping 37 2 Emergence of Peacekeeping under Article 11 of the Covenant of the League of Nations 42 A Concept and Reality of Collective Security under the Covenant 42 B Peacekeeping in Practice under Article 11 44 i Aaland Islands Question (1920) 44 ii Vilna Question (1920) 46 iii Boundary Disputes between Albania and Yugoslavia (1921) 48 iv Demir-Kapu Incident (1925) 50 C Conceptual Development under Article 11 53 i Brouckère Report 53 ii Rutgers Memorandum 55 iii General Convention to Improve the Means of Preventing War 57 3 Emergence of Forceful Peacekeeping Measures 60 A Background 60 B Dispute between Colombia and Peru over Leticia (1932) 61 C Dispute between Bolivia and Paraguay over El Gran Chaco (1932–34) 63 D Saar Plebiscite (1935) 64 4 Transformation from Article 11 of the Covenant into Article 40 of the Charter 67 Chapter 3 Peacekeeping as Provisional Measure 71 1 Types of Provisional Measures 71 2 Call for Cease-fire 72 3 Peace Observation 76 A Concept and Legal Basis 76 B Early Deployment of Peace Observation Mission in Practice 78 C Post-Conflict Deployment of Peace Observation Mission 83 4 Peacekeeping Forces 85 A Concept and Legal Basis 85 B Early Deployment of Peacekeeping Forces in Practice 86 i UN Operations in the Congo (ONUC: 1960–64) 86 ii UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP: 1964–) 89 iii UN Emergency Force (UNEF II: 1973–79) 91 iv UN Preventive Deployment in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (UNPREDEP: 1992–99) 92 C Post-Conflict Deployment of Peacekeeping Forces 95 5 Provisional Territorial Administration 97 6 Preventive Arms Embargo 102 7 Peacekeeping and Article 39 of the UN Charter 105 Chapter 4 Legal Force and Effects of Peacekeeping Measures 107 1 Ambiguity of 'Calls' for Provisional Measures 107 2 The Determination of Legal Force 109 A Interpretation of UN Charter Provisions 109 B Interpretation of UN Security Council Resolutions 111 C Three Approaches to the Interpretation of Resolutions 113 i Textual Approach 113 ii Intentions Approach 115 iii Teleological Approach 118 D Mandatory Decisions and Chapter VII Powers 120 3 Giving Effects to the Legal Force 126 A Validity 126 B The Scope of Application 127 i UN Member States 127 ii Non-UN Member States 128 iii Non-State Entities 129 4 Legal Effects 132 5 Peacekeeping and Article 25 of the UN Charter 133 Chapter 5 Impartiality of Peacekeeping Measures 135 1 The Principle of Non-intervention 135 2 Internal Armed Conflicts and the Scope of Domestic Jurisdiction of States 138 A Internal Armed Conflicts in Traditional International Law 138 B Legal Status of Non-State Entities Engaged in Internal Armed Conflicts 141 3 Definition of Intervention and Neutrality/Impartiality 150 A Definition of Intervention 150 B Neutrality as a Form of Intervention 151 C Impartiality 154 D Implementation of Impartial Peacekeeping Measures 158 i Collective Recognition 158 ii Humanitarian Assistance 162 iii Election Monitoring 164 4 Peacekeeping and Article 2(7) of the UN Charter 168 Chapter 6 Enforcement of Peacekeeping Measures 171 1 Enforceability of Peacekeeping Measures 171 2 Conceptual Level Analysis: Peace Enforcement 173 A Doctrinal Basis of Peace Enforcement 173 B Theoretical Basis for Peace Enforcement 175 3 Strategic Level Analysis: The Right of Self-Defence 176 A Scope of Self-Defence 176 B Rationale behind the Right of Self-Defence of UN Personnel 180 i National Self-Defence and Unit Self-Defence 180 ii Safety of UN Personnel 182 iii Mandate Defence 184 4 Tactical Level Analysis: Rules of Engagement 188 5 Legal Constraints on the Use of Force in Peacekeeping 195 A Legal Constraints for Peacekeeping Forces 195 B Legal Constraints on Intervention by Peacekeeping Forces 201 6 Peacekeeping and Article 42 of the UN Charter 205 Chapter 7 Regulatory Framework for Peacekeeping 207 1 Regulation of the Peacekeeping Power 207 2 Jurisdictional Bases of Peacekeeping 208 A Primary Competence of the Security Council 208 B General Competence of the General Assembly 210 3 Legality of Peacekeeping 215 A General Legal Framework 215 B Justice and International Law 216 C Impartiality 218 D Proportionality and Operational Necessity 219 4 Legitimacy of Peacekeeping 221 5 Peacekeeping towards the Responsibility to React and to Prevent 225 A The Notion of Responsibility 225 B Legal Consequences of Failure to Adopt Peacekeeping Measures 229 C Regulatory Roles of Peacekeeping 233 D Applicability of Legal Defence against Peacekeeping Measures 234 i Self-Defence 234 ii State of Necessity 237 6 Regulatory Criteria for Peacekeeping 242 Chapter 8 Regulatory Control of Peacekeeping 245 1 Political Control 245 2 Judicial Control 251 A Jurisdiction 251 B Admissibility 255 3 Self-Regulation 262 A Enhancing Legal Accountability 262 B Investigation as the Basis for Peacekeeping Measures 263 C Continuing Assessment of Peacekeeping Measures 269 4 Towards Better Control of Peacekeeping 275 Conclusion 277 Bibliography 281 Index 317.
650		0	_aLaw of the sea.
650		0	_aShips _xSafety regulations.
650		0	_aMerchant mariners _xLegal status, laws, etc.
650		0	_aFishery law and legislation.
650		0	_aMarine resources conservation _xLaw and legislation.
650		0	_aMarine pollution _xLaw and legislation.
650		0	_aWaste disposal in the ocean _xLaw and legislation.
650		0	_aEnvironmental law, International.
700	1		_aJohnston, Douglas M.
700	1		_aChircop, Aldo E.
700	1		_aMcDorman, Ted L.
700	1		_aRolston, Susan.
906			_a7 _bcbc _corignew _d1 _eecip _f20 _gy-gencatlg
942			_2ddc _cBK